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Academic research

St. Louis' Old Olympic Stadium

International Society of Olympic Historians

Where this source supports the record

Each entry separates the article’s editorial relevance note from its exact, section-level claims. A bibliography link without a direct claim is labeled plainly.

  1. Internet culture & public spectacle · 30 August 1904

    The Strange 1904 Olympic Marathon

    Francis Field and the marathon course through St. Louis County · United States

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    Why editors use it here

    Olympic-history study documenting Francis Field, the course, entrants, and finish.

    1. Quick read

      The marathon at the 1904 St.

      Reviewed 26 July 2026
    2. Trigger and conditions

      At about 3 p.m., runners left Francis Field for a course with seven hills and only two planned water stops.

      Reviewed 26 July 2026
    3. Uncertainty

      Popular retellings embellish dialogue and sometimes imply that Hicks was secretly doped.

      Reviewed 26 July 2026
    4. Why it matters

      The farce was not simply a collection of eccentric runners.

      Reviewed 26 July 2026