Cross-File evidence ledger
Where this source supports the record
Each entry separates the File’s editorial relevance note from its exact, section-level claims. A bibliography link without a direct claim is labeled plainly.
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Social movements · 20 November 1969–11 June 1971Open File evidence →
The Indigenous Occupation of Alcatraz
Alcatraz Island · United States
Why editors use it hereOn-site NPS interpretation of the landing, organizers, demands, participation, and surviving messages.
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Quick read
On 20 November 1969, Native students and activists landed on vacant Alcatraz Island and claimed it as Indian Land.
Reviewed 24 July 2026 -
Trigger and conditions
Before dawn on 20 November, a group of about 80 landed and began a sustained occupation.
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Uncertainty
Participation changed constantly, so attendance figures describe different moments rather than a fixed island population.
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Why it matters
Alcatraz was chosen because a highly visible abandoned federal site could be made to speak about land taken, promises broken, and Native futures.
Reviewed 24 July 2026
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Quick read