Academic research
Public Health Interventions and Epidemic Intensity during the 1918 Influenza Pandemic
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
Where this source supports the record
Each entry separates the article’s editorial relevance note from its exact, section-level claims. A bibliography link without a direct claim is labeled plainly.
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Epidemics & public health · 28 September 1918Open article references →
The Philadelphia Liberty Loan Parade and Influenza
Broad Street parade route through central Philadelphia · United States
Why editors use it herePeer-reviewed comparison of intervention timing and mortality patterns across U.S. cities.
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Quick read
On 28 September 1918, roughly 200,000 people crowded Philadelphia's Broad Street for a war-bond parade while a lethal influenza wave was already spreading among sailors and civilians.
Reviewed 26 July 2026 -
Trigger and conditions
Liberty Loan organizers treated the parade as essential to financing and morale.
Reviewed 26 July 2026 -
Uncertainty
Exact parade attendance and influenza death totals vary by source and time window.
Reviewed 26 July 2026 -
Why it matters
The parade illustrates how political urgency, reassuring official messages, and delayed action can turn an emerging outbreak into a systems crisis.
Reviewed 26 July 2026
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Quick read