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Government or official record

The Air Was Fire: Fire Behavior at Peshtigo in 1871

U.S. Forest Service

Where this source supports the record

Each entry separates the article’s editorial relevance note from its exact, section-level claims. A bibliography link without a direct claim is labeled plainly.

  1. Fires · 8 October 1871

    The Peshtigo Fire

    Peshtigo community and river refuge landscape · United States

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    Why editors use it here

    Technical historical analysis of fuels, weather, survivor accounts, extreme behavior, area burned, and fatality uncertainty.

    1. Quick read

      On the night of 8 October 1871, extreme wildfire swept through northeastern Wisconsin and parts of Michigan, destroying Peshtigo and numerous smaller communities.

      Reviewed 26 July 2026
    2. Trigger and conditions

      A strong weather system intensified existing fires on 8 October.

      Reviewed 26 July 2026
    3. Uncertainty

      Victim estimates range widely because records were incomplete, migrants and workers were uncounted, and some remains could not be identified.

      Reviewed 26 July 2026
    4. Why it matters

      Peshtigo resists a simple origin story.

      Reviewed 26 July 2026