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February 1692–May 1693
Salem Witch Trials Memorial and surviving court landscape, United States
Between early 1692 and spring 1693, authorities in colonial Massachusetts accused more than two hundred people of witchcraft. Nineteen were hanged, Giles Corey died under pressing, and …
August–November 1793
Old City waterfront and former Dock Creek district, United States
Yellow fever swept Philadelphia, then the national capital and largest American city, from late summer until frost in November 1793. Close to five thousand people died—about one …
16 December 1811–7 February 1812
New Madrid seismic zone and Mississippi River landscape, United States
From 16 December 1811 through 7 February 1812, three principal earthquakes and a powerful aftershock sequence transformed parts of the central Mississippi Valley. Modern U.S. Geological Survey …
21 August–11 November 1831
Southampton County courthouse and rebellion landscape, United States
On 21–22 August 1831, Nat Turner led an armed revolt by enslaved people across Southampton County, Virginia. The group killed roughly fifty-five white people, including children, before …
16–17 December 1835
Hanover Square and the burned commercial district, United States
On the bitterly cold night of 16 December 1835, fire spread through New York's densely packed commercial district near Wall Street and the East River. Frozen water …
7–11 September 1857
Mountain Meadows massacre and memorial landscape, United States
In September 1857, southern Utah militia members, aided to a disputed extent by Native participants, attacked the Baker–Fancher emigrant train at Mountain Meadows. After a siege, militia …
27 April 1865
Mississippi River explosion site north of Memphis, United States
Before dawn on 27 April 1865, boilers aboard the side-wheel steamboat Sultana exploded on the Mississippi River north of Memphis. The vessel, legally rated for 376 passengers, …
1–3 May 1866
South Memphis freedpeople's neighborhoods and Fort Pickering area, United States
From 1 to 3 May 1866, white police officers and mobs attacked Black residents, homes, churches, and schools in Memphis. A confrontation involving recently discharged Black Union …
30 April 1871
Former Camp Grant and Aravaipa Apache camp landscape, United States
Before dawn on 30 April 1871, a force of Tucson residents, Mexican Americans, and Tohono O'odham allies attacked an Apache camp near Camp Grant in Arizona Territory. …
8–10 October 1871
DeKoven Street origin site and citywide burn district, United States
From the evening of 8 October through early 10 October 1871, wind-driven fire crossed Chicago from the West Side into the business district and North Side. It …
8 October 1871
Peshtigo community and river refuge landscape, United States
On the night of 8 October 1871, extreme wildfire swept through northeastern Wisconsin and parts of Michigan, destroying Peshtigo and numerous smaller communities. More than one thousand …
24 October 1871
Calle de los Negros and old Chinatown, represented at El Pueblo, United States
On 24 October 1871, a dispute within Los Angeles's small Chinese community and the shooting of a white bystander became the pretext for a mob assault on …
25–26 June 1876
Little Bighorn battlefield and Indian village landscape, United States
On 25–26 June 1876, Lakota, Northern Cheyenne, and Arapaho warriors defeated the U.S. Army's 7th Cavalry along the Little Bighorn River. Lieutenant Colonel George Armstrong Custer divided …
16 July–August 1877
Baltimore & Ohio Railroad Martinsburg shops, United States
In July 1877, Baltimore & Ohio workers at Martinsburg stopped trains after another ten-percent wage cut. The action spread without a single national command through Baltimore, Pittsburgh, …
31 May 1889
South Fork Dam ruins and Conemaugh Valley flood path, United States
On 31 May 1889, the South Fork Dam failed after intense rain and released about twenty million tons of water into Pennsylvania's Conemaugh Valley. The flood crossed …
29 December 1890
Wounded Knee Creek massacre and burial landscape, United States
On 29 December 1890, the U.S. Army's 7th Cavalry surrounded a Miniconjou Lakota group led by Spotted Elk at Wounded Knee Creek and attempted to disarm it. …
1 July–21 November 1892
Former Homestead Steel Works riverfront, United States
In 1892, Carnegie Steel locked out union workers at its Homestead mill near Pittsburgh. On 6 July, three hundred Pinkerton agents attempted to land from armored barges …
11 May–July 1894
Pullman factory and company-town district, United States
Pullman Palace Car Company employees struck on 11 May 1894 after wage cuts left many unable to meet rents and expenses in the company-owned town. The American …
10 November 1898
Daily Record site and Wilmington coup landscape, United States
On 10 November 1898, armed white supremacists in Wilmington burned the office of the Black-owned Daily Record, killed Black residents, expelled political and business leaders, and forced …
6 March 1900–11 December 1902
San Francisco Chinatown, represented at Portsmouth Square, United States
The first documented locally acquired human plague infection in the continental United States was identified in San Francisco's Chinatown in March 1900. Public-health workers confronted a real …
8 September 1900
Galveston Island storm-surge and raised-city landscape, United States
On 8 September 1900, a hurricane now estimated at Category 4 intensity drove a storm surge over low-lying Galveston Island. Between six thousand and eight thousand people …
30 December 1903
Former Iroquois Theatre at 24–28 West Randolph Street, United States
On 30 December 1903, stage scenery caught fire during a packed holiday matinee at Chicago's new Iroquois Theatre. Missing firefighting equipment, a failed fire curtain, closed roof …
7–8 February 1904
Hopkins Place ignition area and downtown burn district, United States
On 7–8 February 1904, a basement fire and explosion in Baltimore's Hurst Building spread through the downtown commercial district. Wind, combustible interiors, falling walls, and incompatible hose …
15 June 1904
East River route and North Brother Island wreck area, United States
On 15 June 1904, fire broke out aboard the excursion steamer General Slocum in New York's East River. More than thirteen hundred members of St. Mark's German …
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