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Internet culture & public spectacle Verified

30 August 1904

The Strange 1904 Olympic Marathon

Francis Field and the marathon course through St. Louis County, United States

The marathon at the 1904 St. Louis Olympics became an extreme experiment in heat, dust, and mismanagement. Thirty-two men started; only fourteen finished. Fred Lorz crossed first …

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Natural disasters Verified

18–21 April 1906

The 1906 San Francisco Earthquake and Fires

San Francisco and the San Andreas Fault rupture zone, United States

At 5:12 a.m. on 18 April, a magnitude 7.8 earthquake ruptured hundreds of kilometers of the San Andreas Fault. Severe shaking damaged communities across northern California. In …

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Engineering failures Verified

6 December 1907

The Monongah Mine Disaster

Monongah Nos. 6 and 8 mine portals and memorial landscape, United States

At 10:28 a.m. on 6 December 1907, explosions tore through the connected No. 6 and No. 8 coal mines at Monongah. The blasts wrecked ventilation, equipment, entries, …

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Historic crimes & investigations Verified

1 October 1910

The 1910 Los Angeles Times Bombing

Former Los Angeles Times Building at First Street and Broadway, United States

At 1:07 a.m. on 1 October 1910, dynamite exploded beside the Los Angeles Times building. The blast and fast-moving fire killed twenty-one people working on the morning …

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Fires Verified

25 March 1911

The Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire

The Asch Building, now NYU’s Brown Building, United States

Fire swept through the upper floors of the Triangle Waist Company near Washington Square, killing 146 workers. Many victims were young immigrant women. Inadequate exits, crowded work …

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Natural disasters Verified

7–12 November 1913

The Great Lakes Storm of 1913

Lake Huron shipwreck field and wider Great Lakes storm area, United States

From 7 to 12 November 1913, converging weather systems produced hurricane-force winds, steep waves, snow, and whiteout conditions across the Great Lakes. Ships sailed with limited forecasts …

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Social movements Verified

20 April 1914

The Ludlow Massacre

Ludlow Tent Colony National Historic Landmark, United States

On 20 April 1914, gunfire erupted between Colorado National Guard forces, mine guards, and striking coal miners at the Ludlow tent colony. By nightfall the colony had …

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Transportation & maritime Verified

24 July 1915

The Eastland Disaster

Chicago River wharf between Clark and LaSalle Streets, United States

On 24 July 1915, the passenger steamer Eastland rolled onto its side while still moored in the Chicago River. About 2,500 Western Electric employees, relatives, and friends …

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Historic crimes & investigations Verified

22 July 1916

The Preparedness Day Bombing and the Mooney Case

West side of Steuart Street just south of Market Street, United States

At 2:06 p.m. on 22 July 1916, a suitcase bomb exploded beside San Francisco's enormous Preparedness Day parade, killing ten people and wounding about forty. Labor activists …

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Military events Verified

30 July 1916

The Black Tom Explosion

Black Tom munitions terminal, now part of Liberty State Park, United States

Before dawn on 30 July 1916, fires and enormous explosions destroyed the Black Tom rail and shipping terminal in Jersey City, where munitions awaited shipment to Allied …

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Epidemics & public health Verified

28 September 1918

The Philadelphia Liberty Loan Parade and Influenza

Broad Street parade route through central Philadelphia, United States

On 28 September 1918, roughly 200,000 people crowded Philadelphia's Broad Street for a war-bond parade while a lethal influenza wave was already spreading among sailors and civilians. …

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Engineering failures Verified

15 January 1919

The Great Boston Molasses Flood

Former Purity Distilling tank site on Commercial Street, United States

A steel storage tank holding about 2.3 million gallons of molasses failed in Boston’s North End, sending a fast-moving wave through streets, buildings, and an elevated railway. …

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Political unrest Verified

27 July–3 August 1919

The Chicago Race Riot of 1919

29th Street beach and the South Side conflict area, United States

After Black teenager Eugene Williams drowned at an informally segregated Chicago beach on 27 July 1919, police refused to arrest the white man accused of throwing stones …

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Historic crimes & investigations Verified

16 September 1920

The Wall Street Bombing

23 Wall Street at the corner of Broad Street, United States

At noon on 16 September 1920, a horse-drawn wagon packed with explosives and iron sash weights detonated outside J. P. Morgan & Co. on Wall Street. Thirty …

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Political unrest Verified

31 May–1 June 1921

The Tulsa Race Massacre

Greenwood Historic District massacre landscape, United States

On 31 May and 1 June 1921, white Tulsans attacked Greenwood, a prosperous Black district, after a Black teenager was accused of assaulting a white elevator operator. …

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Social movements Verified

25 August–2 September 1921

The Battle of Blair Mountain

Blair Mountain battlefield, United States

In late August 1921, thousands of armed union miners marched through southern West Virginia toward Logan County, where anti-union authorities blocked organizing. At Blair Mountain they fought …

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Engineering failures Verified

28 January 1922

The Knickerbocker Theatre Collapse

Former Knickerbocker Theatre site at 18th Street and Columbia Road, United States

During a silent-film screening on 28 January 1922, the snow-loaded roof of Washington's Knickerbocker Theatre collapsed onto the balcony and orchestra seats. Ninety-eight people died and 133 …

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Historic crimes & investigations Verified

1–7 January 1923

The Rosewood Massacre

Former Rosewood community and massacre landscape, United States

In the first week of January 1923, white mobs attacked the predominantly Black community of Rosewood after a white woman in nearby Sumner alleged that a Black …

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Natural disasters Verified

15 April–August 1927

The Great Mississippi Flood of 1927

Mounds Landing levee breach and lower Mississippi floodplain, United States

After months of exceptional rain, the lower Mississippi River overwhelmed levees in spring 1927 and flooded about 27,000 square miles. Hundreds died and more than 600,000 people …

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Engineering failures Verified

12–13 March 1928

The St. Francis Dam Disaster

St. Francis Dam ruins in San Francisquito Canyon, United States

Minutes before midnight on 12 March 1928, the two-year-old St. Francis Dam failed in San Francisquito Canyon. Roughly twelve billion gallons of water swept through the Santa …

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Natural disasters Verified

16 September 1928

The 1928 Okeechobee Hurricane

Lake Okeechobee south-shore flood and burial landscape, United States

On 16 September 1928, a powerful hurricane crossed Palm Beach County and pushed Lake Okeechobee over low earthen dikes. Deep water swept through farming settlements south of …

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Natural disasters Verified

10 March 1933

The 1933 Long Beach Earthquake

Offshore Newport–Inglewood Fault epicenter south of Huntington Beach, United States

At 5:54 p.m. on 10 March 1933, a magnitude 6.4 earthquake ruptured the Newport–Inglewood Fault offshore. Unreinforced masonry failed across Long Beach, Compton, and the Los Angeles …

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Social movements Verified

5 July 1934

Bloody Thursday and the 1934 San Francisco General Strike

Former maritime union headquarters at Mission and Steuart Streets, United States

During the 1934 West Coast maritime strike, employers and city officials tried to reopen San Francisco's port with strikebreakers and police escorts. On 5 July, police fought …

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Engineering failures Verified

18 March 1937

The New London School Explosion

London School campus and memorial, United States

At 3:17 p.m. on 18 March 1937, accumulated natural gas exploded beneath the London School in East Texas. The blast lifted and collapsed much of the steel-and-concrete …

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